Doctrine of Discovery The United Church of Canada. Gave Franciscan priests the right to preach and hear confession. 2014, Loughlin, James. Urged the end of persecution of the Jews based on the blood libel. Portugal sustained her claim to the Brazils by the same title.[22]. Condemns heresy, and lists some punishments (though stops short of death). ROMMUS PONTIFEX (1455) The 1st Crown Land; Real Estate. This bull, addressed to the city of Viterbo, announced that heresy would be considered, in terms of punishment, the same as treason. Portuguese clerics were only responsible for the needs of the Portuguese, and clerics of other nations were not allowed to operate in Portuguese India. It only took a year and a half or longer for me to finally discover only the best ever break down and over standable and comprehend-able description of the acts of the big picture of the story that took place that I have found yet.. (Gilder Lehrman Collection) The Papal Bull "Inter Caetera," issued by Pope Alexander VI on May 4, 1493, played a central role in the Spanish conquest of the New World. Vol. by these canons, is false and automatically null and void. To the Benedictine Abbey of St. Bertin at St. Omer, granting permission for the monks to elect their own confessors. Jon Arrizabalaga, John Henderson, and Roger Kenneth French. The third Crown was Orders the seizure and examination of Jewish writings, especially the, Ordering all Jewish books in Castile to be seized on first Saturday in Lent while Jews were in synagogue. to invade, search out, capture, vanquish, and subdue all Saracens and pagans whatsoever [and] to reduce their persons to perpetual slavery, and to apply and appropriate to himself and his successors the kingdoms, dukedoms, counties, principalities, dominions, possessions, and goods, and to convert them to his and their use and profit . The original purpose of a CQV Trust was to form a temporary Estate for the In 1493 Alexander VI issued the bullInter Caeterastating one Christian nation did not have the right to establish dominion over lands previously dominated by another Christian nation, thus establishing the Law of Nations. XIV., De Syn. It is the third and final testamentary deed and will Would you like to read this article in %%? This Bull had the effect of the trustee, the cestui que trust is the beneficiary who is entitled to all He was born in Subiaco. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/bull-papal, The Catholic Encyclopedia - Bulls and Briefs, diplomatics: Physical appearance of documents. Raiswell, Richard. Crowns, or Commonwealth, in 1605 after the false flag operation of the Because of the Papal "Bulls of Discovery" (Doctrine of Discovery): Romanus Pontifex (1455) issued by Pope Nicholas V and Inter Caetera (1493) pronounced by Pope Alexander VI. (Papal Bulls of 1455 & 1493) The Pope's laws are obligatory on everyone. TERMS OF USE The Bar Associations have since been . The first two were superseded by the third, and none had any effect on the Americas as they were all in turn superseded on June 7, 1494 by the Treaty of Tordesillas between Spain and Portugal. Publication download options Demanded the enforcement of the 4th Lateran Council that Jews wear clothing to distinguish themselves and that Jews be made to pay the tithe to local churches. a 3rd CQV Trust owned by Roman Cult, which has held this valuable property in While Gonalvezs voyage in 1441 is widely considered to mark the beginnings of the trans-Atlantic slave trade, it may also be viewed as an extension of an older tradition of raiding and ransom on both shores of the Mediterranean. Graetz, H, "History of the Jews", Volume 4, (Jewish Publication Society of America, 1894), 254. 122 0 obj
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In 1493 Pope Alexander VI issued the bull Inter caetera stating one Christian nation did not have the right to establish dominion over lands previously dominated by another Christian nation. (2004): 575-577. That in the event of a change of government, the church would negotiate with the new government for placement of bishops and vacant dioceses. By 1346 slave raiding was occurring. Confirmationis Privilegiorum Universitati Sancti Andre, Reestablishment of the episcopal hierarchy in the Netherlands, "Bull of Innocent III taking England under his protection", "Papal Overlordship of England: The Making of an Escape Clause for Magna Carta", "Mira circa Nos", Papal Encyclicals Online, "Quae honorem conditoris omnium", Papal Encyclicals Online, Pope Alexander IV, "Clara claris praeclara", Franciscan Archives. As a follow-up to the Dum diversas, it extended to the Catholic nations of Europe dominion over discovered lands during the Age of Discovery. What Difference Does It Make? In Dum Diversas, the European trade with Muslims was strictly prohibited but Romanus Pontifex gave the King of Portugal an exception, provided that the trade did not include iron, weapons, and wood for building. cestui que vie is the person whose life is used to measure various things, such According to Zurara, Gonalvez told his crew, we have already got our cargo, but how fair a thing would it be if we, who have come to this land for a cargo of such petty merchandise, were to meet with good fortune and bring the first captives before the presence of our Prince? That night, Gonalvez led a raiding party into Cap Blanc, a narrow peninsula between Western Sahara and Mauritania, and kidnapped two Berbers, one man and one woman. Is There a God? all beneficial entitlements and rights on the land. Alexander, bishop, servant of the servants of God, to the illustrious sovereigns, our very dear son in Christ, Ferdinand, king, and our very dear daughter in Christ, Isabella, queen of Castile, Leon, The metal Papal seal is the typical feature of a bull made of lead, but during the Byzantine era the seals were often made of gold. Pope Paul III publicly sanctioned slavery in Rome in 1545, the enslavement of Englishmen who supported Henry VIII after he had been excommunicated,[18][19] and the purchase of Muslim slaves in 1548.[20]. In Roman Catholicism, an officialpapalletter or After Christopher Columbus returned from his first voyage to the Americas in 1493, the kings of Spain and Portugal disagreed on who should control trade and colonization of the newly discovered lands. Re-issues Eugene IV's bull against Castilian Jews to Italy. Is There a God? Indigenous Values Initiative, beneficiary of what the Trustees of the CQV Trust choose to provide. Graetz, H, "History of the Jews", Volume 4, (Jewish Publication Society of America, 1894), 250. PRIVACY POLICY Negates any imperial-bestowed titles that are not confirmed by the Pope. The same pope wrote the bull Romanus Pontifex on January 5, 1455 to the same Alfonso. Imposes tax of ten gold ducats on two out of the 115 synagogues in the Papal States, Consisted of two parts. The Bull and Treaty The judiciary precedent of the Treaty of Tordesillas was the Inter Caetera Papal Bull, issued on May 4, 1493 by the Spanish Pope Alexander VI. .[17]. Liviu Pilat, 'The 1487 crusade: a turning point in the Moldavian-Polish relations', in Liviu Pilat and Bogdan-Petru Maleon (eds.). The Portuguese travelled there in 1341 both to trade and raid. Papal Bull Dum Diversas 18 June, 1452 . Since 1540 and the creation of Catholic, The second fixed a north-south line of demarcation running about 350miles (560km) west of the Cape Verde Islands. Called the Father of History, he apparently spent his life producing a single work. 2014, Pope Sixtus V, "Triumphantis Hierusalem", Papal Encyclicals Online, "Martyrs' Shrine Archives & Research Library", https://novusordowatch.org/wp-content/uploads/piusvi-auctorem-fidei.pdf, Cherubini Laertius: Magnum Bullarium Romanum, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_papal_bulls&oldid=1132830073. Bulman, Raymond F. and Frederick J. Parrella. The Bull Romanus Pontiflex (Nicholas V) - 8 January 1454 The same pope wrote the bull Romanus Pontifex on January 5, 1455 to the same Alfonso. [4], This bull should not be confused with a 21 September 1451 bull by the same name, also written by Nicholas V, relieving the dukes of Austria from any potential ecclesiastical censure for permitting Jews to dwell there.[5]. Although legal title of the trust is vested in The same pope wrote the bullRomanus Pontifexon January 5, 1455 to the same Alfonso. A cestui que use is an archaic term of PROPERTY I only wish I could have discovered this page much, much , much sooner in my quest of knowledge for true independence and freedomemail anytime if it pertains to this subject TY again, Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Google+ (Opens in new window), Commonwealth Custodian Workshops/Zoom Timetable, Road Map to Reclaiming and Restoring The Commonwealth of Australia, Doorway to the Divine Self Hooponopono Prayer, First Notice of Copyright: Dawn Michelle Kelly. In 1479, in the Treaty of Alcovas, AfonsoV of Portugal and his son, Prince John, surrendered sovereignty over the Canary Islands to Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain. Declared that the saved see Heaven (and thus, God) before Judgement Day. Revokes the privileges of the Castilian Jews and imposes severe restrictions on them. of 1540, to use this papal bull as the basis of Ecclesiastical authority of And we make, appoint, and depute you and your said heirs and successors lords of them with full and free power, authority, and jurisdiction of every kind Pope Alexander VI, Inter Caetera. claims the whole planet and everything on it, conveyed in trust. Indigenous Values Initiative, With the stroke of a pen, Pope Alexander VI divided continents. Pope Alexander VI, anonymous, 15th century. The Doctrine of Discovery Project is released under a CC-BY license. Around 1312 Genoese navigator Lancelotto Malocello came upon the Canary Islands. lawfully issued to salvage the lost property and is monetized as currency Third issuance of Eugenius IV's bull. returned to Spain and King Carlos I, where it remains to this day. Though the papal bull mentions invading and vanquishing African peoples, no European nation was willing or able to put an army in western Africa until the Portuguese colonization of Angola more than a century later (and even then, Portuguese forces received extensive aid from armies ofImbangalaor Jaga mercenaries). The UUA has provided a discussion guide (PDF, 37 pages), with plans for a single session or for three sessions. such a Trust cannot be created if these presumptions can be proven not to From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Romanus Pontifex[1] is a papal bull written January 8, 1455 by Pope Nicholas V to King Afonso V of Portugal. Meanwhile, feitorias on the mainland depended largely on maintaining good relations with local populations. [22], Spain did not rest her title solely on the grant of the Pope. The bull's primary purpose was to forbid other Christian kings from infringing the King of Portugal's practice of trade and colonisation in these regions, particularly amid the Portuguese and Castilian competition for ascendancy over new lands discovered. The Inter Caetera Bull fixed the demarcation line along a circle passing 100 leagues W of the Cape Verde Islands and through the two poles. The Crown was finally lost by England in 1975, when it was "Eugene IV, Papal bulls of", Prestage, Edgar. Cover of Crnica dos feitos da Guin by Gomes Eanes de Zurara, published in 1460, Paris, France, courtesy of the Bibliothque nationale de France. For centuries, European nations fought to defend or attack the legitimacy of territorial claims authorized by papal decrees. Despite Castiles formal recognition of Portuguese interests in western Africa, stipulated in the treaties ofAlcovas(1479) andTordesillas(1494), voyages organized in Andalucia and the Canary Islands continued to visit African ports. Two years later, Pope SixtusIV reaffirmed this treaty, specifying that any new discoveries south and east of the Canary Islands would belong to Portugal. Rome, May 4, 1493. Ordered execution of waldenses and indulgences to those who took part. Takes neutral position on territorial disputes between Portugal and Castile regarding rights claimed in Africa. Cestui Que Vie Trust is a fictional concept. First bull authorizing friars to preach to pagan nations. Additional Categories: lord, a title applied to any deity. The U.S. Governments Claim of a Right of Domination, Brackeen v. Haaland, the Indian Child Welfare Act case now in the Supreme Court: Seen in Perspective, Sublimis Deus, Pastorale Officium and Non Indecens Videtur A Historical Dive Into the Vaticans Failure to Rescind the Doctrine of Discovery, City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York. [1] Contents 1 List 2 References 3 Sources In recent years, Native American groups including the Tano and Onondaga have called on the Vatican to revoke the bulls of 1452, 1455, and 1493. With Portugals expansion into western Africa in the fifteenth century, Iberian merchants began to recognize the economic potential of a large-scale slave trafficking enterprise. 1933, when a child is borne in a State (Estate) under inferior Roman law, three We [therefore] weighing all and singular the premises with due meditation, and noting that since we had formerly by other letters of ours granted among other things free and ample faculty to the aforesaid King Alfonsoto invade, search out, capture, vanquish, and subdue all Saracens and pagans whatsoever, and other enemies of Christ wheresoever placed, and the kingdoms, dukedoms, principalities, dominions, possessions, and all movable and immovable goods whatsoever held and possessed by them and to reduce their persons to perpetual slavery. 1320 (Latin) and pp. Open Access educational resources cost money to produce. Allowed Jews to settle in the Papal States, revoking Pius V's 1569 bull, Grants Magino di Gabriel of Venice the monopoly of silk-manufacture in Papal States for sixty years, and ordering five mulberry-trees to be planted in every rubbio of land. It can also be A non-living Like many aspects of Cesare Borgia's life, the date of his birth is a subject of dispute. A Chair Murray Sinclair says the commission examining the impact of Canada's Indian residential schools is looking carefully at the 1455 and 1493 Catholic edicts as part of its final report. In the following century, Castile and Portugal were the primary contenders. Hence, all land is claimed as crown land. Trusts are created on presumption, based upon original purpose and function, Appeal to the Mongols to desist from attacking Christians and other nations, and an enquiry as to their future intentions. (1436, 1452, 1454, 1455, 1456, 1481, 1493, 1506, and 1514). It also served as the legal basis for boarding foreign ships in that area. Whenever capital letters main, claim the baby as chattel to the The #364 - QUESTION of #430 - LAW given the earlier date 21 AUGUST 1770 then relates to CAPTAIN COOK's diary entry of DUTCH PRIOR DISCOVERY and POSSESSION having a LEGAL PRECEDENT applicable to PAPAL BULL dated 1493. "Dum Diversas," Calls for a crusade to the Holy Land and orders Dominicans and Franciscans to preach in favour of it. Pope Paul III issues a decree, "Sublimus Deus," opposing the enslavement of indigenous peoples and calling them "true men.". Rather than offering a ransom of money, the captives promised to give Gonalvez ten slaves in exchange for their own freedom and safe passage home. An attempt to dispel the rumor that the Jews caused the Black Death by poisoning wells. Please give today. The Pope claims to own the entire planet through the laws of conquest and discovery. the child, as Beneficiary, into the 1st Cestui Que (Vie) Trust in the form of a Prohibits appealing a papal judgment to a future general council. What Difference Does It Make. Here's an excerpt from Romanus Pontifex, January 8, 1455, authorizing King Alfonso of Portugal to conquer Africa and beyond, and to engage in the slave trade: 1666, wherein an Estate may be effected for the Benefit of a Person presumed record which is a promissory note, converted into a slave bond, sold to the . Split Archbishop of Magdeburg from the rest of the Polish church. Condemns an alleged outbreak of witchcraft and heresy in the region of the, Grants plenary indulgences to those who took part in. Calls for a three-year crusade against the Ottoman Empire. Ordered humanitarian reforms to the Spanish Inquisition. Supposedly, all Africa and Asia now belonged to Portugal; the New World to Spain. In 1493, Pope AlexanderVI drew a line down the middle of the Atlantic Ocean that granted Spain authority over the area to the west. Complete separation of Jews and Christians (ghetto). Spain looked to the pope, AlexanderVI, to settle the dispute. Open Access educational resources cost money to produce. In 1992, Pope John PaulII made a surprising statement regarding the Catholic Church and its treatment of Galileo. In contrast, the juridical status of people who did not fit these categories was more ambiguous. Unam Sanctam, to the control of the Pontiff and his successors in perpetuity. The decree asserts the rights of Spain and Portugal to colonize, convert, and enslave. created in 1481 with the papal bull Aeterni Regis, meaning Eternal Crown, by One of the first to record this sentiment, according to Portuguese royal chronicler Gomes Eanes de Zurara, was a young ship captain named Antam Gonalvez, who sailed to West Africa in 1441 hoping to acquire seal skins and oil. Outlined the disposition for members of the Knights Templar. 6. Pope Nicholas V issued the papal bull Dum Diversas on 18 June, 1452. They were also early influences on the development of the slave trade of the 15th and 16th centuries, even though the papal bull Sublimis Deus of 1537 forbade the enslavement of non-Christians. Thus in addition to justifying the enslavement of Muslims and other non-Christian peoplesincluding an increasingly important population of sub-Saharan Africans and their descendantswithin the Iberian world, this legislation essentially authorized Portuguese colonists and merchants overseas to acquire enslaved Africans through commerce, drawing on pre-existing markets and trade routes. Her discussions respecting boundary, with France, with Great Britain, and with the United States, all show that she placed it on the rights given by discovery. "Colonna." competent authority. About midway through the bull, the Pope declares all Sub-Saharan Africans henceforth be held in perpetual slavery. born and, by the sale of the birth certificate as a Bond to the private central It authorised Alfonso V of Portugal to reduce any Saracens (Muslims) and pagans and any other unbelievers to perpetual slavery. The 21 AUGUST 1770 relates to CAPTAIN COOK's diary entry of DUTCH PRIOR DISCOVERY and POSSESSION having a LEGAL PRECEDENT applicable to PAPAL BULL dated 1493. The Treaty of Tordesillas maintained the north-south line Alexander had drawn but moved it 920miles (1,480km) farther west. Notably, the treatment of black Gentiles was addressed in 1452 and 1455, when Pope Nicolas V issued a series of papal bulls that granted Portugal the right to enslave sub-Saharan Africans. Nos, premissa omnia et singula debita meditatione pensantes, ac attendentes quod cum olim prefato Alfonso Regi quoscunque Sarracenos et paganos aliosque Christi inimicos ubicunque constitutes, ac regna, ducatus, principatus, dominia, possessiones, et mobilia ac immobilia bona quecunque per eos detenta ac possessa invadendi, conquirendi, expugnandi, debellandi, et subjugandi, illorumque personas in perpetuam servitutem redigendi. Suspends privileges and confirms the disposition of property of the. The first legal expression of territorial sovereignty. Pope Alexander VI issues a papal bull or decree, Inter Caetera," in which he authorizes Spain and Portugal to colonize the Americas and its Native peoples as subjects. trusts. As a prelude to entering into and completing the Gus-Wen-Tah Protocol Agreement, The Touchstone Committee will solicit an agreement with "Canada"'s Prime Minister and Government to proclaim a disavowing of the reprehensible Terms & Conditions of the Holy See's Papal Bulls on Terra Nullius : The Papal Bulls : (1) 1455 Romanus Pontifex and (2 . BAL (Etymology): Late 14c, Biblical, from Late [15] With the bull the Portuguese had a monopoly for trade in the new areas in Africa and Asia. Native America, Discovered and Conquered: Thomas Jefferson, Lewis and Clark, and Manifest Destiny , by Robert J. Miller (Bison Books, 2008) illustrates how the American colonies used the Doctrine of Discovery against the Indian . Audio download options The slave baby contract is then created by honoring the ancient signing the baby away through the deceitful legal meanings on the live birth According to royal chronicler Zurara, the Berbers explained that these new captives would be black [and] not of the lineage of Moors, but Gentiles. Thus in 1442, Gonalvez returned his Berber captives to Western Sahara, receiving as payment ten enslaved sub-Saharan Africans, whom he then transported back to Portugal for re-sale. As a follow-up to the Dum diversas, it extended to the Catholic nations of Europe dominion over discovered lands during the Age of Discovery. It also repeats earlier injunctions not to supply items useful in war such as weaponry, iron or timber to either Muslims or non-Christians. Decrees That Divided Continents. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Each Cestui Que Vie Trust, created since 1933, represents one of the 3 Crowns representing the three claims of property of the Roman Cult: Real Property (on Earth), Personal Property (body), and Ecclesiastical Property (soul). Since Trust, first created during the reign of Henry VIII of England through the Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. created in 1537 by Paul III, through the papal bull Convocation, also meant to You may not be familiar with his name, but in all likelihood you have benefited from his work. Orders Roman Jews to pay rent even for unoccupied houses in ghetto, because Jews would not hire houses from which Jews had been evicted, Establishing the Catholic mission in Vietnam, Introducing the new edition of the Index of Forbidden Books, Suspends operations of Portuguese Inquisition against Maranos, Suspends grand inquisitor of Portugal on account of his treatment of Maranos. [2][3] As a follow-up to the bull Dum Diversas, the church leaders now took positiona aside the Crown of Portugal that it was entitled to dominion over all lands south of Cape Bojador in Africa. Jacopo Colonna and Pietro Colonna, both cardinals, were excommunicated by Pope Boniface VIII for refusing to surrender their relative Stefano Colonna (who had seized and robbed the pope's nephew) and refusing to give the pope, Declares Jews be included among persons who might be denounced to the Inquisition without the name of the accuser revealed, Prohibited Crusaders from dismembering and boiling of the bodies, known as, Denounces those who supply arms, ammunition, and provisions to the, Declares that there is no salvation outside the Church (, Directed against those who molest persons travelling to and from Rome. It also justifies the enslavement of Africans. | Out of our own sole largess and certain knowledge and out of the fullness of our apostolic power, by the authority of Almighty God conferred upon us in blessed Peter and of the vicarship of Jesus Christ, which we hold on earth, do by tenor of these presents, should any of said islands have been found by your envoys and captains, give, grant, and assign to you and your heirs and successors, kings of Castile and Leon, forever, together with all their dominions, cities, camps, places, and villages, and all rights, jurisdictions, and appurtenances, all islands and mainlands found and to be found, discovered and to be discovered towards the west and south, by drawing and establishing a line from the Arctic pole, namely the north, to the Antarctic pole, namely the south, no matter whether the said mainlands and islands are found and to be found in the direction of India or towards any other quarter, the said line to be distant one hundred leagues towards the west and south from any of the islands commonly known as the Azores and Cape Verde. This doctrine's religious philosophy encoded a hierarchy of humanity that European, Christian nations . Accords to Spain recognition of the same rights and privileges regarding lands discovered in the west as had been previously confirmed to Portugal in the east. Calls for a crusade against the Ottoman Empire. Granted the church of Lyon primacy over the churches of Gaul. This Papal Bull [citation needed], In Goa, envoys of the Pope were arrested and sent back to Portugal.[when? Beneficiary under Estate may be either a Beneficiary or a CQV Trust. Person and denying the child any rights to Real Property; and. Vol. The Catholic Encyclopedia. Confirmed the sale of church lands under, Places religious and economic restrictions on Jews in the, Ameliorates some of the restrictions imposed by "Cum nimis absurdum". Discussion of the Egyptian threat (no mention of Mongols). Instructed the Dominican prior of Regensburg to form an Inquisitional tribunal. Henry VIII. This papal decree can be seen as the starting gun for the cruelties of all subsequent colonial empires, adds Rogerson. Many. Grants two Dominican friars, Dominic of Segovia and Martin, authorisation for a mission to Morocco. The Franciscan "Spirituals" of Tuscany are declared Donatist heretics and excommunicated. It features the founders of the Church of Rome, the Apostles Peter and Paul, distinguished by the letters Sanctus PAulus and Sanctus PEtrus on one side and the name of the issuing Pope on the reverse side. Calls for a crusade against the Ottoman Empire in response to Ottoman invasions of Venetian territories in Greece. When "Pope Boniface VIII." reaping of lost souls. The first, by the authority of Almighty God, awarded exclusive and perpetual possession of the new territories to Spain. In celebration, he commissioned a gold-plated headdress in the shape of a pinecone, with an elaborate crown at its base. Church leaders argued that slavery served as a natural deterrent and Christianizing influence to barbarous behavior among pagans. Steven Newcomb draws parallels between papal bulls from the fifteenth century to the continued subjugation of Indigenous peoples in international law, arguing we need to end the global system of domination and its devastating ecological effects. In our journey of dismantling the Doctrine of Discovery and its horrible legacy, there is a recurring argument from the Catholic church and its supporters, t Ruth Bader Ginsburg on the Doctrine of Discovery. This facilitated the Portuguese slave trade from West Africa. ], See full text pp. convey the beneficial entitlements of reconstituted Galla responsible, as Grim Reapers, for reaping the souls. Please give today. The ideas of this ancient philosopher deeply affected the teachings of Christendom. Orders Archbishop Absalon of Lund to place the kingdom of Denmark under interdict and excommunicate Duke Valdemar if the bishop of Schleswig was not released from prison. "The Council of Florence." designed to deny, forever, the child any rights of Real Property, any Rights to One of the ships was captured with crew and cargo taken to Portugal. The Spanish monarchs were having none of it, and they appealed to the new pope, AlexanderVI, for the right to colonize and Christianize the areas discovered by Columbus. During the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, Kongolese political elites adopted Christianity and sent emissaries to Europe. Legally barred Christians from converting to Judaism. In recent years, Native American groups including the Tano and Onondaga have called on the Vatican to revoke the bulls of 1452, 1455, and 1493. , as Grim Reapers, for reaping the souls the CQV Trust choose to provide, he a. 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